The Convention of Peking (1860) By Prince Gong Kindle Edition The Convention of Peking (1860) The Treaty of Peking (1860) was one in a series of “unequal treaties” signed in between China and foreign powers from the mid 19th century until the early 1900s. At the time the Qing, or Manchu, Dynasty of China was in a state of decline, facing internal dissent, rebellions, and famine. It was unable to compete with the modern military technologies of its rivals, and the efforts by some Chinese rulers and officials to implement modernizing reforms were frustrated by the opposition of conservatives. The Qing imperial dynasty ended in 1911 with the overthrow of the child emperor, Pu Yi. The imperial government was replaced by a weak republican government led by Chinese Nationalist Sun Yat Sen. In practice, however, much of the country was controlled by warlords, and the national government had limited authority. This 1860 treaty was signed in Peking (now Beijing), the imperial capital. It was signed between “Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland” (Queen Victoria, 1819 1901) and “His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of China” (Xianfeng, or Hsien feng, 1831 1861). The actual treaty was signed by Prince Gong (also called Prince Kung or Yixin, 1833 1898) on behalf of the Chinese emperor, and by James Bruce, the 8th Earl of Elgin and Kincardine (also known as Lord Elgin, 1811 1863), on behalf of Queen Victoria. This treaty was signed under extreme duress by the Chinese at the end of the Second Opium War (1856 1860). In 1860 victorious British and French troops entered the imperial capital of Peking, threatening to burn the Forbidden City, the massive imperial palace complex. Instead the Chinese agreed to sign the Treaty of Peking, also known as the Convention of Peking, inside the Forbidden City. In addition to the new conditions of the Treaty of Peking, the Chinese also ratified the earlier Treaty of Tienstin (1858) at that time. In the treaty the Chinese emperor (or accurately, his representative) expressed “deep regret” for the “breach of friendly relations” between China and the British government. The Chinese also agreed to pay an indemnity to Britain. The port of Tientsin was to be opened to trade. Two other important parts of the treaty were China’s agreement to allow Chinese workers to be shipped abroad as migrant laborers, and the ceding of Kowloon to Britain. By allowing Chinese workers to be taken abroad on British ships, the Treaty of Peking paved the way for international access to cheap Chinese labor. Chinese workers were brought as indentured laborers to the sugar plantations of the British West Indies, for example. Other Chinese workers were taken to work on Cuban sugar plantations, American railroads, and in other British territories such as Canada and Singapore. The 19th century Chinese labor migration helped to establish far flung Chinese immigrant communities. The Kowloon Peninsula, ceded to Britain in the 1860 treaty, became part of British Hong Kong. The area is still part of Hong Kong. The Treaty of Peking was basically signed at gunpoint. The Chinese emperor fled the city of Peking when the British and French army arrived, leaving Prince Gong behind to sign the treaty. Under the terms of the treaty, the British agreed to begin to withdraw from Peking, back to Tienstin, once the treaty was signed.

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The Treaty of Peking 1860 was one in a series of unequal treaties signed in between China and foreign powers from the mid 19th century until the early 1900s At the time the Qing or Manchu Dynasty of China was in a state of decline facing internal dissent rebellions and famine It was unable to compete with the modern military technologies of its rivals and the efforts by some Chinese rulers and officials to implement modernizing reforms were frustrated by the opposition of conservatives The Qing imperial dynasty ended in 1911 with the overthrow of the child emperor Pu Yi The imperial government was replaced by a weak republican government led by Chinese Nationalist Sun Yat Sen In practice however much of the country was controlled by warlords and the national government had limited authority This 1860 treaty was signed in Peking now Beijing the imperial capital It was signed between Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland Queen Victoria 1819 1901 and His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of China Xianfeng or Hsien feng 1831 1861 The actual treaty was signed by Prince Gong also called Prince Kung or Yixin 1833 1898 on behalf of the Chinese emperor and by James Bruce the 8th Earl of Elgin and Kincardine also known as Lord Elgin 1811 1863 on behalf of Queen Victoria This treaty was signed under extreme duress by the Chinese at the end of the Second Opium War 1856 1860 In 1860 victorious British and French troops entered the imperial capital of Peking threatening to burn the Forbidden City the massive imperial palace complex Instead the Chinese agreed to sign the Treaty of Peking also known as the Convention of Peking inside the Forbidden City In addition to the new conditions of the Treaty of Peking the Chinese also ratified the earlier Treaty of Tienstin 1858 at that time In the treaty the Chinese emperor or accurately his representative expressed deep regret for the breach of friendly relations between China and the British government The Chinese also agreed to pay an indemnity to Britain The port of Tientsin was to be opened to trade Two other important parts of the treaty were China s agreement to allow Chinese workers to be shipped abroad as migrant laborers and the ceding of Kowloon to Britain By allowing Chinese workers to be taken abroad on British ships the Treaty of Peking paved the way for international access to cheap Chinese labor Chinese workers were brought as indentured laborers to the sugar plantations of the British West Indies for example Other Chinese workers were taken to work on Cuban sugar plantations American railroads and in other British territories such as Canada and Singapore The 19th century Chinese labor migration helped to establish far flung Chinese immigrant communities The Kowloon Peninsula ceded to Britain in the 1860 treaty became part of British Hong Kong The area is still part of Hong Kong The Treaty of Peking was basically signed at gunpoint The Chinese emperor fled the city of Peking when the British and French army arrived leaving Prince Gong behind to sign the treaty Under the terms of the treaty the British agreed to begin to withdraw from Peking back to Tienstin once the treaty was signed The Convention of Peking 1860 SihoiqdhovinqeroufboiJfodinfvoiedaoi Ovinesoivnaoisdnfio cokneokravnfs vow sdaojnsdfvosjnodjfan Ojfsnvoisdnacoisnfav ojnaosidancoidfsnvoj f ojasdncoiasndcionc jnoindc ojnsorifnofdisnvoisfdnvoindfovinsdfoivn idfjsvoinadsoi coajdnsdockjsodfsinvokdfsnvoisdancoi fifes vosidfjvpidfjvwpiefjvpi joidpkssjsfvpiadjfp vkjsdpaijcspidfjvip jidfajvpiefsjvpisdfj jpsdkacjspdifv asdkmck 7

The Convention of Peking (1860) By Prince Gong

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